[动词不定式和动名词做主语的区别]动词不定式与动名词区别

2021-06-24   来源:常用文书
动词不定式与动名词区别

动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较

⒈不定式作主语

动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:

(1)把不定式置于句首.如:

Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.

(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中.如:

①It be 名词 todo

It"sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.

②Ittakessb sometime todo

Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework

③It be 形容词 forsb todo

Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.

④It be 形容词 ofsb todo

Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.

⑤Itseems(appears) 形容词 todo

Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.

在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词.在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语.这一句式有时相当于Sbis 形容词 todo句式,如:It"skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.

⒉动名词作主语

Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.

动名词作主语时,也常用It句式.如:

①It"s nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime) doing…

It"snogoodreadingindimlight.

It"snousesittingherewaiting.

②It"s 形容词 doing

It"sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.

这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种结构,应用不定式代替,如:It"simportantforyoutokeepfit.

③Thereisno doing

Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.

在这一结构中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It"simpossibleto…"结构.

⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别

①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起.如:

It"snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.

It"snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.

②动名词结构作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语.如:

It"snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn"tknowtherules.

二,作宾语

⒈不定式作宾语

①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语.如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大部分可接that引导的从句.如:

Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.

IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.

Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.

②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语 动词 it 补语 todo句式.如:

Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.

Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.

③介词but,except,besides todo(do)

在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do.如:

Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.

OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.

⒉动名词作宾语

①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don"tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等.如:

Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.

Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.

②动名词作介词的宾语

Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.

WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech

动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等.

⒊部分动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变.如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等.

在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进行的活动或一般的行为.

在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:

①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I"dliketohaveacupofcoffee.

②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.

③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhat

washappening.

⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语.如:

Ourteachersdon"tpermitourswimminginthelake.

Ourteachersdon"tpermitustoswiminthelake.

⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用.

①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生.如:

Don"tforgetfoposttheletterforme.

HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport

Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.

Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.

Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.

Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.

②meantodo打算做某事

doing意味着……

Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.

Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.

③trytodo设法尽力做某事

doing试着做某事

Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.

Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.

④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事(不定式作目的状语)

doing停止做某事

Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.

You"dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.

⑤can"thelpdoing禁不住……

todo不能帮助干……

Theycouldn"thelpjumpingupatthenews.

SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan"thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.

⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同内容的事

doing继续不停地做某事,指同一动作的继续

Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势.

We"llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.

⑦leaveofftodo离开某地去干什么(目的状语)

doing停下某事

It"stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.

Theyleftofftogofishing.

三,做表语

不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为.

①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.

②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.

③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.

当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果(例①).当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组(例②)时,或以what引导的名词性分句(例③),不定式说明主语的内容.

④Ourworkisservingthepeople.

⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.

⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.

④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语部分可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质,状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来.

四,作定语

⒈不定式作定语

不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后.如:

①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.

②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister

③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion

④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon

⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.

不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:

(1)表示将来的动作(例①).

(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词(例④).

(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态(例③);如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态(例②).

(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive.

⒉动名词作定语

①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.

②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.

③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.

①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后.如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.

五,不定式作补足语

⒈作宾语补足语

一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为,状态,特征,这时意思才相对完整.

(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等.如:

①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary

②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.

(2)部分动词后常接tobe 形容词,名词短语等形式,有时tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等.

①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.

②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.

但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.

(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to.

①Ididn"thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.

②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.

这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.

(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无.如:

Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxform

I"veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.

(5)部分短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:

Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.

ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.

常这样用的短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor(渴望),preparefor,wishfor等.

⒉作主语补足语

不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系.如:

①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.

②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.

六,不定式作状语

⒈作目的状语

(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.

②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.

(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加inorder或soas.如:

Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.

有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能这样用.在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句,如:

Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.

(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词,过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等.

①Wearegladtohearthenews.

②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.

在部分形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语.如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.

Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.

常这样用的形容词有:comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等.

⒉作结果状语

Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.

不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中.如:

①so…asto;such…asto

I"mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来.

I"mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.

②enough…to

Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.

③onlyto

Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.

④too…to

I"mtootiredtostayuplonger.

但在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意.如:

①I"monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了.(too修饰gladtohave…,相当于very)

②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了(不定式作定语).

⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首,句中或句末.如:

Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.

常见的短语有tobeexact(确切地说),tobeginwith(首先),todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话),tobesure(真的)等等.

七,动词不定式,动名词的其它用法

⒈疑问词 不定式结构

疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语,宾语,表语等.如:

①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.

②Mr.Smithdidn"tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.

③IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.

④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.

以上例句中疑问词 不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句形式.如:①Whenweshallleave…③…howI

couldlearn…

经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,explain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等.

⒉动词不定式的时态,语态

(1)时态

①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生.如:

Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.(tobecome发生在hope之后)

WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(play和hear同时发生)

②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:

I"msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.

Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.

③进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:

TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.

Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.

(2)语态

如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式.如:

It"sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary"sbirthdayparty.(不定式作主语)

Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.(不定式作主语)

Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.(不定式作宾语)

Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired(不定式作定语)

Hewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.(不定式作状语)

在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动.如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)

⒊动名词的时态,语态

(1)时态

①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前,之后.如:

Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.

IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.

Wearenotafraidofdying.

②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前.如:

Imaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.

Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.

(2)被动语态

①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分.如:

Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.

Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.

②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义.如:

Thebikeneedsrepairing.

Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.

⒋在口语中,为避免重复,常用"to"代替不定式结构,有时甚至可以把to省略.如:

①-DidyougotovisittheGreatWall

-No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn"tenoughtime.

②-Wouldyouliketocometoaparty

-I"dloveto.

③-Don"tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou

-I"lltrynotto.

④-Trytobebackby12,won"tyou

-OK,I"lltry.

另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于这一结构中.

⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to".如:

Whyspendsuchalotofmoney

Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays

⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to".如:

It"squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.

⒎"to"在下列短语中是"介词",后接动名词或名词形式.如:

devote…to,faceupto(勇敢地面对),lookforwardto(盼望),objectto(反对),taketo(养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开始从事某种活动),be

[动词不定式和动名词做主语的区别]动词不定式与动名词区别

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